Investigation of Hydrochloric Acid with Indigestion Tablet

Introduction In this coursework I will be talking about the experiments, which I have done over two weeks. This gave different results by using different concentrations of hydrochloric acids (HCl) and indigestion relief tablet. I will also mention the time which was taken in the experiment, to see how fast the hydrochloric acid took with indigestion tablet with different concentrations. Indigestion tablets are alkali and they are used for to neutralise the excess acid in the stomach. Indigestion Tablet Indigestion is caused by excess acid in the stomach. The tablets neutralise some of this Acid and this is known as ‘Neutralization’ since it neutralizes the acid. In this experiment the amount of acid neutralised by one tablet is found. This may be considered a direct measurement of the effectiveness of the tablet. Requirements for the experiment:Indigestion Tablets Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)Gas JarClamp StandHydrochloric Acid (HCL) solutions labelled 20, 30, 40, 50 60gdm-3 ( these can be 0. 0, 0. 75, 1. 00, 1. 25,1. 50 mol dm-3)Trough or containerMeasuring cylinderTimer.BungDelivery TubeConical Flask 50 cm3Indigestion Tablets An indigestion relief tablets alkali in solution, so that it can easily neutralize the excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The indigestion tablets to be used in the experiment was purchased from Super Drug Gas Jar A gas jar is a straight and thin cylindrical tube with ml units. This is used to collect gas or generate in the laboratory. In my investigation gas jar will be used to collect and measure the amount of carbon dioxide gas released during the investigation. [pic] [pic]Clamp Stand Clamp stand is really useful and it gets attached to the burette or any flask and it allows it to stay in its position. Otherwise, there’s a possibility of dispensing more amount of liquid than its normal measurements. In my investigation conical flask will be attached to the clamp stand so that it can be connected to the delivery tube which will in turn be connected to the gas jar through the water in the trough. Hydrochloric Acid Solution Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria which maybe present in our food and also create acidic conditions for the enzymes to work properly. If the stomach contains too much acid then it can cause pain and it is called ‘INDIGESTION. ’ Sometimes the acid escapes from top of the stomach which causes pain in the tube leading to the mouth this is called ‘heartburn’ The equation of hydrochloric acid being neutralized by sodium bicarbonate looks like this: 2HCl + CaCO3-> CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2 Delivery Tube Delivery tube delivers the gas in to collecting vessels or container, but in this case it is going to go in a burette. Delivery tube also allows the gases to go through it; this will make the result to be accurate. Trough Trough is used for filling up the water, and it holds in the water, as well as the burette where gases put themselves off. The delivery tube gets clamped into the water and connected to the gas jar. It usually looks like a normal flat based bowl. Bung Bung is a big chunk of rubber, which act as seal in a conical flask. This allows the gas to be delivered through the delivery tube, and the delivery tube is connected with the bung since it has a hole. It is really useful in the experiment therefore no gas can be released outside. Timer Timer is there to get the results of the different solutions of hydrochloric acids. It makes the result really convenient as well as precise. Conical Flask This is scientific equipment which is usually seen in the lab. In the experiment it was used for to hold the hydrochloric acid and the indigestion tablet. It gets sealed at the top by a bung. Hypothesis: In this experiment I will test the hypothesis that; how quickly an indigestion tablet reacts does not depend on the concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Method for the experiment There will be using various equipments to test the hypothesis. Firstly, I will measure 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid with lowest concentration into a conical flask. Then I will fill up the trough or the container up to the ? of it. Thereafter, I will fill the gas jar with water then, I will put my hand on top of the open end, and invert over the water in the trough. Followed by, compress the delivery tube in to the gas jar. I will then put one indigestion tablet into the acid, and then quickly place the bung over the conical flask and start the timer. Finally, I will stop the timer when the gas jar is completely full of gas. Once I get my result I will record the time in a table as well as repeat the same procedure two times to get a consistent result. The whole procedure will repeated for the remaining concentrations of the hydrochloric acid and results will be recorded in a table. Below is the experimental set up for my investigation. Table of results Concentration of |Time taken to collect 54cm3 of carbon dioxide gas/sec | |hydrochloric acid/ | | |mol/dm3 | | | |1 |2 |3 |Average time | |1. 5 |126 |141 |121 |129 | |1. 5 |214 |243 |240 |222 | |1. 0 |237 |241 |307 |239 | |0. 75 |319 |318 |389 |314 | |0. 50 |388 |377 |376 |380 | pic] Analysis of Results Collision Theory Collusion theory is that reaction which is caused by the reactant particles i n the experiment, the more particles in the concentration then there is more causation of the collision theory. 1. Temperature The rate of the chemical reaction can be raised by increasing the temperature. This rate can also be increased by increasing the concentration of a reactant in solution; in my experiment I have used the Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) with higher concentration and our body temperature. This caused by the reactant particles to move quickly, and have more energy in order to collide often, and more of the collision result took in a reaction. 2. Surface Area The rate of a chemical reaction can also be increased by increasing the surface area of a solid reactant. But in my experiment I have dropped the whole tablet, instead of crushing the tablet. This has affected my experiment a lot because there could’ve been more collision, but since I have put the whole tablet inside that caused a small volume of space inside. This didn’t allow the reactant particles to perform collision theory. It also made the rate at its average point. 3. Concentration My experiment’s dissolved reactant increased then they became crowded which again caused the particles to perform collision theory. This means that the hydrochloric acid (HCl) with higher concentration means that there is more particles with energyNo No please state this in a better way The result of the line graph shows that the higher the concentrations, the quicker it will react. The hydrochloric acid with higher concentration means there is more reactant particles which will have more energy and be crowded. There is a greater of colliding, which will also allow the rate of reaction to increase. As the rate of the hydrochloric increases , the rate of chemical reaction becomes quicker. Please comment on the slope of the graph Conclusion The conclusion shows that the higher the concentration, then the reaction will be quicker as mentioned above. ———————– Gas Jar

Common Ground on Child Beauty Pageants Essay

I’m sure you all have seen the TV show â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras.† It is a show about young children competing in beauty pageants to win a place in a higher ranked pageant, money, and the ownership of a winning title. Many people think differently about the show and the pageants. Some are all for the pageants and some are against them. People who are against the pageants complain that they should be eliminated because they exploit children and place them in harm’s way. They claim because of major dangers; no one under the age of eighteen should be placed in a beauty pageant. The children who are in the pageants are dressed up in adult’s clothing, have piles of make up on, and are harming their bodies. They are harming their bodies by putting the make up on and tanning. By putting make up on at such young of an age, their face ages faster. By tanning, they begin to get that urge that some adults have to tan, which makes their skin age and have wrinkles early. It also puts them at the risk of having skin cancer at an early age. They say it also appeals the children to sexual predators. When a child is half naked on stage and sometimes on TV, these sexual predators see them and may even try to meet them. Sexual predators are only part of the problem. Studies show that every child who may benefit from the competition, hundreds of others suffer damage to their self-esteem and have warped self-vision of themselves and their bodies. Many times, they use JonBenet, a young child who competed in these pageants at the age of six. She was murdered in the basement of her home by a sexual predator. The suspect claimed he became aware of her by the pageants being on television. People who are for the pageants and the TV shows claim that it brings their children fame and confidence. When a child has worked hard on a routine and they get on stage and accomplish it, there is no better reward than the applause and praise from the audience and family. Some also say that the tanning and make up does not harm their skin, it just makes them feel prettier. Someone once told me that when a person looks at themselves in the mirror, and they have their hair and make-up done, they feel better about themselves. That is what many moms claim their children feel whenever they have their make-up done, outfits on, and hair done. Moms of pageant children say that when their child has worked hard, and they have their name called on stage for a winning title, there is no happier feeling. They have worked and accomplished their goal. Call it what you want, but people have their own opinions. Some people think pageants hurt a child, and some think they help a child. Both of them could be right, depending on the child’s standpoint. If a child’s dream is to be in pageants, I would let that child fulfill their dream. What would you do? Works Cited Page Hilboldt-Stolley, Lise. â€Å"Pretty Babies.† Good Housekeeping 228.2 (1999): 102. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Dec. 2012.

Construction Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction - Term Paper Example The aim of this paper includes giving the information about the idea of what is Building Information Modeling and the benefits that it could offer on the part of the construction industry, to the people, and the government as well. This offers advantages of learning to anyone being interested about IBM and how it could be utilize from construction neophytes to architecture firms who has the desire of learning the subject. Strategies that leads to benefits Best strategies require flexibility in course between the inevitable internal problems to be able to proceed with the continuity and face the demands in the present changing world. There is a clear distinction between the difference of strategic action and strategic plans. Strategy should not just be like a statement of intent; benefit centered to the company but must be based on the needs, benefits, and enjoyment of the public as well as the government Legal Regulatory, Ethical and Customary Constraints As the Section 103 of the Ge neral Municipal Law defines, competitive bidding is required in all the public work construction and must settle all the permits as it is required by all the government agencies. Competitive bidding is also required to hold legal, regulatory, ethical and customary constraints, public report every five years and is expected to detail the projects with the application for exception if there is, the method of procurement, the procurement it self and the outcome or the result in the duration and costs. Traditional method of procurement as has been accepted by the public, as the general rule, was preserved by these amendments but extends the flexibility by some agencies in trying other methods if determined to be appropriate based on certain criteria that prevents favoritism and promote competitive competition. Regarding the method of procurement, requirements in the reporting gives way to the Legislature and the governor the evaluation with regard to the experiences of the agencies inli ne with the use of the alternate procurement methods. Benefits Offer Respective local government where the project is located often times is the stakeholder of most of the city projects. Although the success like in the use of the BIM are made by the interaction exchanges between the Engineers and the Architects, the final outcome of the project is always considered an asset value on the part of the Local Government being considered the biggest real state owners. Some of the benefits include the following. †¢ Facilitates the visualization of the entire Building Life Cycle Management †¢ High Accuracy †¢ Save Time and Money †¢ Risk Mitigation by timely conflict detection †¢ Ease in producing of high quality, accurate and precise construction documents †¢ Construction planning and Management by combination of design and construction I. Proposed Project BIM work Plan Requirement shall be asked to be submitted for approval f the project. Proposed project BIM Work Plans shall include the demonstration regarding the strategy using the Building Information Modeling in materializing project deliverables. 1. BIM Work Plan Design – The Design team, as a part of the proposal, will be designated to submit the BIM Work Plan that includes the Following: a. Proposed BIM Software that will be used in the project b. Proposed Trainings and Workshops regarding the BIM c. Compliance with the requirements of the project d. Integration on the BIM as per Design Document Submission Standards e. Filing of the formats that

Identify Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identify Teams - Essay Example The organization of the teams and other defining aspects will be tackled in this paper. This team is based in Indianapolis in the Indiana state. The team focuses on ensuring that people in its community have access to outstanding paint products and services. Unlike other teams in this field, these painters intend to provide services that are outstanding and diverse. This team is comprised of 26 individuals with the president being the team leader. Members of the team are experts in painting, construction and are sourced from the society. The 26 members have related as well as diverse competencies in terms of career. The executive of the team is responsible for primary decision making with decisions being passed down to other members (Robinson & Green, 2011). This is an established leadership team with an affiliation of Denver painting Company. The team is responsible for ensuring that clients in its community which is Colorado have the access to commercial, residential and industrial painting staining services. The team works closely with a real estate agents, homeowners, property and facility managers, architects and general contractors. The goals of the team surround the provision of remarkable printing services, especially those designed by Denver painter. The leadership team consists of three individuals with Scott Bergman being the founder and the team leader of the group. The other member are, a senior estimator and project manager named John Ramirez and Ryan Wunderlich in the same profession of John (Robinson & Green, 2011). The three individuals forming the members of the organization were sourced from the society. Painting contractor USA comprises of several teams whose purpose is to ensure that ranges and firms within the entire nation have access to agricultural painting. One of the painting teams of this organization proves to be an outstanding contributor in the community through agricultural painting. The team consists of about

Internal Analysis of the NBA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Internal Analysis of the NBA - Assignment Example The paper will begin by analyzing the capabilities and resources NBA had before the 2010-2011 season; the analysis will be from a case study done by Coulter. The capabilities and resources in the 2010-2011 seasons will be analyzed. The best approach to the internal analysis of NBA will be discussed. The National Basketball Association (NBA) has undergone tremendous changes from a domestic sport to an international commercial sport and this indicates a major understanding of the resources and capabilities. All the success and efforts are attributed to the NBA commissioner David Stern who has helped NBA become a global brand. Professional basketball began in the mid-1990s and NBA gained the international game appeal. There are key players in the NBA who have sparked international interest. These players include Yao Ming of China, Dallas Mavericks’ Dirk Nowitzki of Germany, Pau Gasol of Spain, and Tony Parker of France, Denver Nuggets of Brazil, Gordan Giricek of Croatia and Darko Milicic of Serbia. All the mentioned are international basketball players. It is estimated that out of all the players in the NBA, 64 players come out of the United States territory. Other than the international players, NBA has taken its games globally. The NBA league has held several preseason games in the Latin America, Asia, and Europe. Among the major plans by the commissioner of NBA was the creation of multiple teams in the European region before the end of the 2000 decade. The NBA league has faced challenges like the retirement of Michael Jordan and the cancellation of almost a third of the league games in the mid-1 990s. The challenges almost crashed the NBA league. Stern, the commissioner of NBA addressed the issues by looking at what the NBA had to offer, that is the resources and capabilities.  

Telomeres and Tumors Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Telomeres and Tumors - Research Paper Example At one time, the DNA at the ends of chromosomes seemed to be static. Yet in most organisms that have been studied, the tips, called telomeres, are actually ever changing; they shorten and lengthen repeatedly† (Glieder and Blackburn). Since the past fifteen years, there have been remarkable findings, with respect to this change. Getting to the specifics, it has led to the discovery of theastonishing enzyme, telomerase that acts on telomeres and is considered a pre requisite for the maintenance of cancer in human being. Geneticists, Barbara McClintock, of University of Missouri at Columbia, and Hermann J. Muller, from the University of Edinburgh, are credited with having done extensive work on the intricate subjects of telomeres and telomerase. These scientists workedunconnectedly and with dissimilar organisms, however both of them realized that chromosomes were stabilized by a special component on their ends. â€Å"Muller coined the term telomere, from the Greek for end (telos) and part (meros). McClintock noted that without these end caps, chromosomes stick to one another, undergo structural changes and misbehave in other ways. These activities threaten the survival and faithful replication of chromosomes and, consequently, of the cells housing them.† (Glieder and Blackburn). ... â€Å"The observed heterogeneity led Blackburn, who had moved to the University of California at Berkeley, Jack W. Szostak of Harvard University and Janis Shampay of Berkeley to propose a new solution to what has been called the end-replication problem† (Glieder and Blackburn). â€Å"In 1972 James D. Watson, working at both Harvard and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, noted that DNA polymerases, the enzymes that replicate DNA, could not copy linear chromosomes all the way to the tip. Hence, the replication machinery had to leave a small region at the end (a piece of the telomere) un-copied.† (Glieder and Blackburn). Theoretically, if the cells were unable to reimburse for this fluke, chromosomes would decrease in their respective lengths, with each level of mitosis. The corrosion henceforth eradicating the telomeres and perilous genes in some group of the cells. The variations in the length of telomere, for the scientists, were an indicator that cells uphold telomeres at a constant size, or at least they try to. The telomeres decrease in length during mitosis, but their length also increases as freshly formed subunits attach themselves to them. â€Å"The researchers suspected that the source of these additional repeats was some undiscovered enzyme capable of a trick that standard DNA polymerases could not perform.† (Glieder and Blackburn). â€Å"When cells replicate their chromosomes, which consist of two strands of DNA twisted around each other, they begin by separating the double helix. The polymerases use each of these parentstrands as a template for constructing a new partner. The special enzyme the workers envisioned would be able to build extensions to single strands of DNA from scratch, without benefit of an existing DNA template.† (Glieder

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage Essay - 1

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Every company aims at getting more than their implementation cost and diversity is a very powerful tool which ensures the same when implemented by an organization, this is the only reason why more and more organizations are implementing workforce diversity in their organization. More and more organizations are investing huge amounts of money in workforce diversity in order to keep pace with the customer requirements and customer satisfaction. Workforce diversity often plays an instrumental role in satisfying the needs of a customer. Diversity also provides good social value to an organization and this is another reason why it is implemented. Diversity workforce is pivotal in the success of a company when considered from a perspective of long run; it generates constant cash flow which in turn satisfies the shareholders of a company. This whole process is extremely important for any organization looking to expand or for that matter looking to sustain its growth. Workforce diversity has also become a legal requirement these days, companies have to stick to a policy of non discrimination and recruiting people from diverse backgrounds also satisfies the legal requirements of an organization. Diversity focuses upon the maximum utilization of the resources, the labor market has changed completely these days, it is no longer dominated by the whites, the talent available is huge and if discrimination takes place in an organization it would lead to devastation so implementation of diversity also satisfies a company’s resource requirements. By recruiting people from diverse backgrounds an organization makes sure that no discrimination takes place and the organization utilizes the resources at hand to the maximum extent possible. It is extremely important as a... This essay sheds light upon recruitment and how recruit affects workforce directly, several real life examples are also used in this essay to prove certain very important points. The essay also discusses several important concepts like recruitment, managing workforce effectively, managing a diverse workforce and its several advantages. Recruitment and workforce are very closely connected, workforce diversity is one very good thing, when employees who come from different backgrounds are selected, the organization prospers and this is how they become diverse but when there is no diversity, the organization has little or no options whatsoever. Everything starts from recruitment; this important point has been highlighted throughout the paper, organizations these days are keen on cutting the dead wood out but all those organizations hardly realize that keeping those employees for all these years has hardly done any good to them, the profits automatically come down. The researcher of the e ssay also shed light upon the importance of a diverse workforce, employees who are recruited should be recruited by managers who themselves are from diverse backgrounds and this should go on for several years until the organization reaps healthy rewards generated by this healthy practice. To conclude it is very fair to say that recruitment is arguably the most important step, the next important step is to manage a diverse workforce and to optimize the workforce to ensure that the organization attains all its set targets.

What an Amazing person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What an Amazing person - Essay Example He was chubby, middle aged; and he was wearing a green jacket and dirty pants. What I couldnt stand most was the stink of beer emanating from his mouth, as well as from the opened jar that he was holding. Although consuming beer in public places is illegal, he was in no condition to care about such things. He was so drunk that he couldn’t control his steps when he boarded the light rail. I felt unfortunate, when, of all the empty seats he could have chosen, he chose the one next to me. Having been brought into proximity this way, he immediately started talking to me. I felt awkward and embarrassed about the situation, especially with other passengers glancing at us curiously. I soon realized that I have no option but to put up with him. He talked about his life, and said â€Å"I was a millionaire, but I lost everything now, including my house. He continued â€Å"but I will never give up until I get all that is mine.† I was surprised with his clarity of thought even in such an inebriated state. But at the same time I did not take all his words for facts. He talked about how his chronic illness led to one surgery after another, until he lost all of his wealth. He spoke very emotionally about how he will fight on in life despite presently being in an unfortunate condition. Seeing that I was skeptical about his story, he prompted me ask him questions. He told me that he would answer any question I ask. Just to divert focus from his difficult personal life, I started talking about different countries. Qatar came into the discussion as it is my home country. He then amazed me with his knowledge about the country. He listed Qatars recent foreign policies and how it has improved in the last 15 years. He also mentioned Sheik Hamad, the president of Qatar; and Hamad Bin Jassim, the minister of foreign affairs of Qatar and how great were they in the political world. When he said that Qatar might be

Impact of Teachers on Agriculture Research Paper

Impact of Teachers on Agriculture - Research Paper Example The research will highlight effects of teachers on this discipline (Agbaje, Martin & Williams, 2001). Statement of the Problem It is imperative to have an effective education system, which will ensure improved students’ performance. The effectiveness of an education system derives from the ability of teachers’ to give knowledge to the students. The teachers will have key implications onto agricultural education. Consequently, it is vital to make a research on the implications of teachers in this discipline, which is an integral constituent of the entire education system. Understanding the implications of teachers on agricultural education is fundamental, since it will provide findings which can enable the appropriate authorities improve the education system. Teachers may have huge impact on agricultural education. Therefore, it is critical to understand them so that the authorities can adopt appropriate policy measures, which will ensure improvement in teaching of this discipline (Byrne, 1998). The current performance in this discipline is poor. Hence, it is vital that tutors embrace appropriate teaching strategies, which, in turn, will improve students’ performance. Purpose of the Study   Teachers have the core duty of passing on knowledge to students. Therefore, they are central factor in the students’ learning process. The teaching methods will influence the learning process significantly. Therefore, it would be crucial to understand what teaching strategies can improve students’ performance in agricultural education. Additionally, the research will evaluate not only the teaching strategies, but also their application in inculcating agricultural knowledge. This research will evaluate several aspects on the implications of teachers in this discipline. Therefore, this research will circumnavigate the core roles of the teacher in inculcating agricultural knowledge in students (Croom, 2003). Objectives of the Study This resea rch seeks to accomplish certain objectives, which include; I. Determine the strategies that teachers use in agricultural education II. Determine the impact of such strategies on the students III. Determine whether teachers’ strategies are relevant in agricultural education. IV. Determine whether the teachers have adequate agricultural knowledge to satisfy the students’ knowledge requirements. Research Questions I. What strategies do teachers use in agricultural education? II. What is the impact of teachers’ strategies on students? III. Are teachers’ teaching strategies relevant to agricultural education? IV. Do teachers have adequate agricultural knowledge to satisfy the students’ requirements? Definition of Terms Teaching strategies-The teaching measures that agricultural teachers have embraced in passing knowledge to students. Curriculum - an outline of what students should learn in a certain discipline over a given period. Each subject will norm ally have a curriculum that a teacher should follow. Quality assurance - this term refers to a set of measures that seek to ensure goods or services meet a certain quality threshold. Limitation of the Study The domain of this research will be large since the impacts of teachers on agricultural education will be multifaceted. This means the implications may be educational, psychological, and discipline concerns. Therefore, this

I'm just Getting to the Disturbing Part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'm just Getting to the Disturbing Part - Essay Example I'm just Getting to the Disturbing Part an Analysis This short story, at first was quite confusing for me. The structure or narrative was not chronological—there was too much inference throughout the story. For instance, while the narrator while telling the story of the time they decided to go kayaking; he interjected the story of his future son and how paranoid he was because he had developed a fear of water. Another instance was when he just witnessed a drowning and interjected the story of the death of his teenage brother. Although he was able to weave together these inferences effectively to the story, the inferences could create confusion. But at the same time, it also made the story more interesting because it added dimension and layer in the way the story is narrated. For instance, the narrator’s paranoia or fear of water steam from that frightful experience he had on one frightful July in Horsetooth Reservoir. And how the narrator effectively tied together the drowning of the boy to the car accident of his broth er and how he saving the boy had drawn him closer to his brother in a burst of euphoria.

Training Development Written Project Essay Example for Free

Training Development Written Project Essay This written project will discuss the process involved in the design of training, learning, and evaluation. I will begin by breaking down the need assessment covering the process, analysis, and various methods. I will also cover the process of learning and discuss two theories which will support specific processes of learning. The process will include how age influences learning and retention of knowledge. Finally, I will cover the importance of evaluation of training, the process of choosing an evaluation design, and the value placed on training evaluation by an employee. The content of this paper will be based on information covered in Raymond A. Noe’s (2010) text book Employee Training and Development (5th edition). The process described will use other sources to support Noe’s finding as it pertains to the written project content. Needs Assessment An effective training design begins with a needs assessment. A needs assessment allows the gathering of information which better prepares the modeling of training. The needs assessment provides an analysis of organization, people, and tasks. Each has a distinct influence on the depth of training developed and methods best suited for the organization. The needs assessment allows the trainer to address whether the requirement for training is based on performance, motivation, job design or communication. The defining of training requirements ensures the validity of content developed, course objectives, and training method. The assessment also allows a trainer to determine if the trainee has the basic skills and confidence to learn. Finally, an assessment will determine if the training meets the corporate strategy and expected outcome. According to Noe (2010), pressure points influence training design, â€Å"These pressure points include performance problems, new technology, internal or external customer requests for training, job redesign, new legislation, changes in customer preferences, new products, or employee lack of basic skills. † (pg. 104) Who should participate in the needs assessment? The text suggests that upper mid-level managers, trainers, and employees should participate in the assessment. Upper-level management iews the assessment from a corporate level. They will determine if training meets the corporate strategy. The mid-level management will determine budget, who should be trained, and what jobs will make the largest impact on production. The trainer will determine training delivery, identification of trainees, and basic skills, knowledge and characteristic required. Noe goes on to state that it is important to include job incumbents in the assessment process. These are individuals who perform the task and tend to be the most knowledgeable. (Noe, 2010, pg. 05-106) In an article, written by J. L. Utecht (2005), she states that a needs analysis should reach at least ten percent of the work force. Those participants should be the work staff performing the job, front-line supervisors, upper-level management, and union members and representatives when applicable. She goes on to state that the group should range in age, ethnicities, job types, shifts, and seniority. These statements support and expand on Noe’s idea of assessment participants. (Uteht, 2005) Let’s begin by breaking down the analysis process. Organizational Analysis The Organizational analysis will identify the corporate strategy for training, the support of management and employees, and the availability of internal resources to adopt and train its staff. The first key component of any assessment is to define a budget. Training must present a value which is backed by capital expenditure. This simple question of budgeted resource allows the person conducting the assessment necessary ground work for the amount of time and resource which may be dedicated to training. The second component of an organization analysis is to understand the business strategy behind training. Training increases the value, or skill currency, of its employees. Strategies can consist of a concentration in increased market share and cost reduction, internal growth through research and development, external growth of market share through vendors and suppliers, or disinvestment of corporate divisions. These strategies will assist in the development of training and how that skill and knowledge will be deployed. Once a budget and strategy have been defined the next step is support. While an overall corporate support is required for any successful training endeavor, upper and mid-level management is paramount since they approve allocations of funds. Support should include a positive attitude from management and peers to incite enthusiasm among the targeted trainees. There must be a perceived value to the knowledge which the training supports. Information must be provided on how the training will enhance productivity and success in the trainees given job. The next step is identifying resources and whether the company has the budget, time and expertise for training. Support of training can be readily established if upper management sees the economic value of training output and cost justification. A crucial step of defining a training model is determining the most cost effective approach. If training is an ongoing organizational vision there may be a better return on investment if training is internalized. If it is determined that training is better served by a third party, then a request for proposal will be required. This outlines the requirements of training which include the type of training, the number of trainees, funding, date of completion, evaluation, and follow-up training. The criteria standards will allow for the evaluation, elimination, and awarding of the most competent vendor. (Noe, 2010, pg. 110 113) The impact of the organization analysis is what defines the budget, strategy, and support. These factors are the foundation of a needs assessment and should be the first thing analyzed. Person Analysis In this analysis we identify for whom and why training is required. The person analysis requires that we understand the task the individual performs. This foundation allows us to determine the employee readiness for training. We must determine the personal characteristics required for learning and applying training context. The personal characteristics consist of individual cognitive ability and reading level. Context must be relevant to the persons learning ability. The individual must also believe in their ability to learn. If training is to be successful the context must provide a need, interest, or meet the goal of the trainee. This simple understanding of who the training is directed will motivate individual behavior and the desire to learn. So now that we have discerned the characteristics required for training, we must create a learning environment. A well-conceived training curriculum can be lost if the environment does not afford a focus to learn. Many times individuals are pulled from training tasks to perform job duties. This is both counterproductive and erodes the financial benefits expended on the training. Successful training requires concise and understandable input. Input can be instructions, job-related objectives, training materials and other work aids which support the training program. Input also consists of reinforcement through verbal and written feedback. Encouraging trainee involvement, practice, and feedback are elements to a successful learning experience. A positive training experience is the best endorsement. Those trained will share their experience with their peers and create enthusiasm and interest. For training to be effective an assessment must identify the required output. What is the performance expectation of the trainee and are they aware of those expectations? If a trainee knows the required outcome expected of them, they are more apt to learn. The knowledge and skill achieved can be gauged by task proficiency through performance and knowledge proficiency through the form of testing. Individuals must have the willingness to learn. Clear and positive expectations of training must be delivered. To reinforce this behavior there must be reward and incentive for applying this knowledge and skill in one’s job. The responsibility of knowledge transfer should be fostered by the corporate entity. As we have discussed this should include, but not limited to, positive management and peer support, time given to learning, and a consequence through reward for successful completion of training curriculum. (Noe, 2010, pg. 113 123) Task Analysis This is the most important aspect of developing an effective training course. We must first define the job or task for analysis. To provide a complete assessment we must understand the tasks of the position itself. We can achieve this through interviews and observation of those performing the said task. These can validate the knowledge, ability, and skill requirements needed to perform a task effectively. We may also validate our assessment by involving subject matter experts. To complete the task assessment it must meet the company’s goals and objectives. Another step of task analysis is the incorporation of a competency evaluation. This allows the determination of the skills and abilities which the trainee will require in their job function. I will discuss evaluation in more detail later in the written project. Training can then be modeled to focus on the deficiencies of an individual’s knowledge which lends to the training strategy. Since employee skills are not equal, we must determine the skill set of each and provide training accordingly. This leads us back to the readiness for training and will allow a curriculum to advance the knowledge and skills of all participants. The task assessment is not only a tool for our training model but is also an invaluable tool for coaching and development of the employee. Managers are often overwhelmed with the minutiae of administrative tasks which impede their core responsibility of developing employees. The text refers to creating a â€Å"road map† for identifying opportunities for growth and development. This transcends the task of modeling training and provides an additional value to a company if recognized and applied. (Noe, 2010, pg. 123 127) Methods Used in Needs Assessment There are various methods related to a needs assessment. Because no one method is better than the next it is common to use more than one. Here is a list of methods which show the advantages and disadvantages of each. The observation method allows for real data and minimizes work interruption. Unfortunately, it requires the observer to be skilled in the task which they are observing. It is also likely that those being observed will not behave as they would in a normal setting. The questionnaire method is inexpensive, provides a larger data group, and can easily be summarized. The disadvantage is there are usually low return rates. The questions usually lack detail and only provide data specific to the question. Interviews are effective in uncovering detail that questionnaires lack. The interview process may sometimes uncover details which were not known prior, allowing for modification. The disadvantage is that it requires skilled interviewers, scheduling, time for the interview, and may be threatening to Subject Matter Experts. A focus group can be useful in complex or controversial issues. These groups are usually made up of Subject Matter Experts from the various levels targeted for training. This group interaction allows for modifications by uncovering issues which may be difficult to glean from observations or questionnaires. The disadvantage is the group often gives answers they think you want to hear. Often there is trepidation for lower level employees to voice concerns when management is present. This can contaminate the analysis process by ignoring the needs of the employees performing the task. Technical training materials can also provide a wealth of information in relation to a task. Unfortunately, the information is only as good as its source. Often the information is outdate or difficult to understand. Finally, online technology can be used to define the strengths and weaknesses of an employee. Unfortunately, these are often viewed as threatening and may be perceived as a way to surplus their position. The other threat is that managers may use the content for punitive measures rather than an opportunity for coaching and development. The use of multiple methods allows data to be validated against another. The method used will often depend on the environment which is being analyzed. It becomes the task of the individual performing the assessment to utilize those methods which provide the most relevant data to the task performed. Often a method of benchmarking is used to define the training practices of a competitor. The emphasis on Total Quality Management may require this practice to determine type, level, and frequency of training. Benchmarking coupled with methods discussed above should provide valuable data and aid in the development of a training model which best fits the business strategy of the organization. (Noe, 2010 pg. 07 – 109) The overall benefit of the needs assessment is the process and steps defined above. Each step is important to maximizing the return of investment of training. The importance of the process is that it provides a basis for the assessment to cover the various aspects of organization, person, and task. The methods of interviews, observation, questioners, focus groups, documentation, and online technologies are vehicles to d etermine an effective format with which to train. Without a needs assessment an organization would be ill equipped to determine whether training is necessary. An assessment also eliminates the unknown and identifies who, why, and when training is appropriate. Again, this is an investment in human capital and should be treated as any other company investment. Learning Process Now that we have covered the value of a needs assessment let’s review the learning process. What is learning? The text defines learning as a change in human capabilities which are not a result of the growth process. (Noe, 2010, pg. 140) In chapter two Noe (2010) also refers to learning as the acquisition of knowledge. He defines knowledge into two groups, tacit or xplicit. Tacit knowledge is based on personal experiences which are passed through interaction with others in a society. Explicit knowledge is knowledge which is formalized, codified and communicated in a learning environment. (Noe, 2010, pg. 50 – 51) What is learned? The book refers to five types of learning outcomes which I have listed below. Verbal information consists of names, labels, facts , or bodies of knowledge which are retained. Intellectual skills are concepts and rules which are critical to problem solving, service, and product creation. Motor Skills include the coordination or physical conditioning required for a given task. Attitudes are the combination of beliefs and feelings. Attitude is crucial to the way a person will react in job related settings, their organizational commitment, and job satisfaction and proficiency. Cognitive strategies are related how a person manages their own learning and thinking process. These process elements include attention to information, strategies of learning, and problem solving. (Noe, 2010, pg. 141) Let’s review how people, or trainees, learn. In chapter four Noe (2010) discusses the learning cycle. This dynamic cycle involves four stages of learning: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experiment. The first process of learning is exposure to a work problem (concrete experience). The next step is analyzing the problem and it affects (reflective observation). Next, the person, or trainee, will devise a way in which to deal with the problem at hand (abstract conceptualization). Finally, a trainee will apply their solution directly to the problem (active experiment). The act of applying the solution allows for positive or negative feedback. The person, or trainee, then improves and applies this learned result over again. Each action should result in development, growth, and improvement in the four stages. Those results are usually shared and possibly adopted by peers and management. (Noe, 2010, 151) David C. McClelland (2003) has proposed that motivation is closely associated to the learning concepts. He contends that when a need is strong, its effect is motivation. That motivation leads the person to use behavior that leads to its satisfaction. Based on research results McClelland developed a description set of factors which reflect the need for achievement. They consist of a motivation to take responsibility for solving problems, set moderate goals, take calculated risks, and a desire for feedback on performance. Since the need is to learn through experience, positive feedback on achievements leads to high frequency of reoccurrence. McClellands Learned Needs Theory supports the desire to solve problems and defines the importance of positive feedback. (McClelland, 2003) This leads me into the theory portion of my written document. Here I will compare and contrast to theories which are defined in the text.

The Last Lovely City Essay Example for Free

The Last Lovely City Essay The Last Lovely City is perhaps one of the masterpieces written by Alice Adams in the whole duration of her writing career. The story comprising 13 stories gradually divided into two parts is manifestation of the author’s deftly limned thus fully realized portrayal of the characters that embody the story so as to give a clearer vision of the emotions that the author wants to reader to absorb from the story. Consequently, Adamss characters become supremely realistic in sense and thus worthy of understanding because they act so intermittently despite superior intellect and experience. Although no concrete explanation can be arrived at by simply looking over the immediate flow of the story, one can perhaps be resolved by running over the idea that, perhaps, Adams would, as much as possible, avoid too much involvement in the story herself. Another aspect is the influence of the real-life scenarios by which Adams may have predicted to be most likely astonishing. That is, one is affected by such trying times in the sense that one reverts to the more negative sides of life, being swallowed by the surmounting conflicts within the feelings of the characters of the events where decisions become distorted. The point of the whole gist of the theme, the tone, and the purpose perhaps is to trigger emotional concern on the dignifying sense of twisted and intertwined individuals which apparently jive along with the situation—scene per scene. It may be taken to assumption the author herself may have had felt the exact experiences conveyed by the story, nevertheless has made critical research and analysis on possible instances that may come up with a realistic story. There are several questions manifested in the flow of the story. The symbolic reverberation with a complicated and not altogether seemly past comprises the story with the conception that a young woman may be engrossed in him: Is she flirting with him, seriously flirting? Well, she could be. Such things do happen, the doctor reminds himself—and she seems to be a very honest young woman, and kind. She could brighten my life, he thinks, and lighten my home, all those rooms with their superb views that seem to have darkened (Adams, 2000). Consequently, Adams doesnt generate heroes and villains. She creates blemished human beings, and the doctors retribution is tinged with rue. Conceivably, the author’s main intent in giving a slight humor and a plausible aura to the character may be collaborated with Hemmingway’s works of love and conflict and humorously enhanced dilemmas. Adamss place in the landscape of late-twentieth-century American literature has been earned not only by the skill and deftness of her prose, but also by her challenge to the hackneyed dismissal of loves redemptive possibilities. She presents a world where the potential for smart and independent women to have their cake and eat it, too, to enjoy professional and romantic success, stubbornly persists even if not often realized. No romanticist—Adams never flinches from describing all the vagaries and disappointments that afflict sexual and platonic relationships, but neither does she ever permit these descriptions to produce a sense of crushing pessimism. Ultimately Alice Adams was that most rare of writers, a staunchly realistic optimist who always retrieved a glimmer of hope from the most adverse of situations. The Last Lovely City—is a manifestation of the good and the bad experiences that the characters have gone through in life as well as with the glitches in it that has been encountered. Given the fact that even in the introductory parts of the story, the tone and the theme is already shown in explicit finesse—with all the evidently magnificent places that has been included in the story—San Francisco, North Carolina, Mexico, Hawaii. The story itself is a point of Adams’ stunning art in portraying passion of love and life has been consistently paid high regard by many that this collection of stories is celebrated worldwide.

Experienced Stigma in Severe Mental Illness

Experienced Stigma in Severe Mental Illness Exploring experienced stigma in severe mental illness – contributing to validation of a psychometric instrument Luà ­s Pedro Santos de Mendonà §a Table of contents (Jump to) Acknowledgements   Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 About stigma 1.1.1 Why to focus on stigma? 1.1.2 Evolution of the concept 1.1.3 Development of stigma 1.1.4 Different concepts of stigma 1.1.5 Correlates and consequences of stigma 1.2 Stigma research 1.2.1 Instruments to measure stigma categories and criteria for psychometric properties 1.2.2 Perceived stigma 1.2.3 Self-Stigma 1.2.4 Experienced stigma 1.2.5 Stigma studies in Portugal 1.3 Consumer experiences of stigma questionnaire (CESQ) 1.3.1 Main research with psychometric data involving CESQ. Acronyms CASS Clinician Assessment of Schizophrenic Syndromes CAT Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CESQ – Consumer Experiences of Stigma Questionnaire CFA – Confirmatory Factor Analysis CI – Confidence interval CRPD Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities DISC – Discrimination and Stigma Scale DSSS – Depression Self-stigma Scale EDS – Experiences of Discrimination Scale EFA – Exploratory Factor Analysis FBS Frankfurter Befindlichkeits-Skala GAF Global Assessment of Functioning GAS Global Assessment Scale HIV/AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HSRS Health Sickness Rating Scale HSS – Stigmatisation Scale ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICD – International Classification of Diseases ISE – The Inventory of Stigmatising Experiences ISMI – Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness KMO – Kaiser-Meyer Olkin statistic M – Mean MIDUS – MacArthur Foundation Midlife Development in the United States MSA – Measures of sampling adequacy MSS – Maristan Stigma Scale NAMI National Aliiance for Mentally Ill PA – Parallel Analysis PAF – Principal Axis Factoring PANSS – Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale PCM – Polychoric correlation matrix PDD – Perceived devaluation and discrimination scale PD-S Paranoid-Depresività ¤ts-Skala QOLI – Quality of Life Interview RES – Rejection Experiences Scale RMSEA Root mean square error of approximation SD – Standard deviation SESQ – Self-esteem and Stigma Questionnaire SFS – Social Functioning Scale SLDS – Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale SRER – Self Reported Experiences of Rejection SS – Stigma Scale SSMIS – Self-stigma of Mental Illness Scale UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights WHO – World Health Organization WLSMV Means and Variance adjusted weighted least square 1 Introduction 1.1 About stigma 1.1.1 Why to focus on stigma? Stigma is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit. Authors agree it is a powerful negative attribute, having its impact on all social relations. Stigma is present everywhere in our society. It affects different characteristics in people, ranging from sexual orientation to HIV/AIDS, several medical disorders, gender, race, unemployment or obesity. However, it is in mental health disorders that stigma has its most devastating impact, although not always obvious. Discrimination, the enactment of stigma, appears closely associated to it. While stigma lies at the base of discrimination, discriminatory practices also promote and reinforce stigma. Discrimination is also about the conditions in which patients live, mental health budgets and the priority which we allow these services to achieve.1 In other words, stigma and discrimination lead to social exclusion – a triad that is a key determinant of mental health. Stigma and discrimination are violations of human rights. Intention and commitment to fight stigma are present in the spirit of legally binding treaties such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)2 , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)3, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)4 and Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)5, and are explicitly mentioned on the Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD)6. CRPD actually demands that signatories ‘take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability by any person, organisation or private enterprise’, and to ‘adopt immediate, effective and appropriate measures †¦ to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities †¦ in all areas of life’.6 From the part of the World Health Organization, tackling stigma, discrimination and social exclusion is a major concern of the General Assembly, with of the General Assembly, with reflection in the WHO Mental Health Action Plan 2013-20207. At regional level, in European Union, commitment to fighting stigma and discrimination is a consequence of signing treaties like European Convention on Human Rights, European Social Charter, European Convention on the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and, specifically, Recommendation Rec(2004)10, of the Committee of Ministers to member states, concerning the protection of the human rights and dignity of persons with mental disorder. Still at regional level, and in line with WHO Mental Health Action Plan, stigma and discrimination is one of the main action areas of European Mental Health Action Plan.8 At national level, fighting stigma, discrimination and social exclusion is a component of policies, plans and programs worldwide. In a time when quality mechanisms tend to be implemented into healthcare systems, there is also a trend to develop parts of quality standards that have statements on fighting stigma at a local level. NICE quality standards are a good example9. To implement stigma into quality standards is, by itself, a strategy to fight it, by turning each service user in a potential advocate, as Byrne noted1. Therefore, there is the need to foster development of indicators that can be used regarding mental illness stigma. 1.1.2 Evolution of the concept Stigma is a word that has its reminiscences in the Greek civilization. Stigma were body marks that were intentionally applied to individuals- the stigmatized that carried unacceptable moral or individual traits, as compared to standards in that society. Christians absorbed the concept, adding two other meanings to those body marks – to indicate a holy grace or to indicate a sign of deformity/physical disease. Anyway, even in early days of Christianity, stigma implied, from the social point of view, firstly, â€Å"imputing a meaning into something† even if it did not have that meaning, and, secondly, dealing with deviations to a social norm. Goffmann10 was the first author to theorize stigma. To Goffmann, stigma is the result of a gap between perceived attributes and stereotypes. It is a matter of perspective, not reality. it is â€Å"in the eye of the beholder†. Stereotypes are selective perceptions that categorize people, and that exaggerate differences between groups (‘them and us’) in order to obscure differences within groups.11 He defines three types of attributes: Body(physical) – e.g. visible deformities in the body, deformity caused by physical disease Character (personal) – e.g. mental illness, criminal conviction Tribal (Social) – e.g. stigma of one group against another. Goffmann also distinguishes between â€Å"discredited† and discreditable†. Those concepts were further developed by Jones et al.12 , who proposed six dimensions of stigma: Concealability indicates how obvious or detectable the characteristic is to others. Course indicates whether the stigmatizing condition is reversible over time. Irreversible conditions provoke more negative attitudes than others. Disruptiveness indicates the extent to which a mark blocks or diminishes interpersonal interactions. Aesthetics reflects what is attractive or pleasing to ones perceptions. When applied to stigma, it means whether a mark provokes a reaction of disgust. Origin refers to how the condition came into being. Perceived responsibility on the conditions will carry more negative attitude. Peril, refers to feelings of danger or threat induced in others. This can mean physical threat (as in â€Å"contamination†) or simply uneaseness. According to Byrne, stigma is connoted with a few negative attributes. Shame is its first expression, resulting from perception as indulgence or as a weakness, despite centuries of knowledge, media campaigns and â€Å"the decade of the brain†. Blame is also an attitude that appears associated to shame.1 Maintaining secrecy is the maladaptive way some people find to cope with shame, but it can lead to deleterious consequences. 1.1.3 Development of stigma Negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, according to Byrne 1, exist since playschool and extend into early adulthood. This is suggested by several studies: Weiss13 examined a cohort of children of elementary school age and confirmed the prejudices eight years after; Green14 compared attitudes between several studies using the same measures, that ranged over 22 years, and found consistent results indicating community had the same negative attitudes. This objects the common belief that with increased scientific knowledge about mental illness, stigma would tend to disappear. 1.1.4 Different concepts of stigma Stigma concept has evolved in the last fifteen years. Link and Phelan have added discrimination to Jones’ original dimensions.15 Still, in 2001 the same authors present two major challenges for the concept of stigma. The first challenge is that researchers who research stigma do so from their own vantage point, giving priority to their scientific theories and research techniques rather than words and perceptions about people they study, which lead to misunderstanding of the experience of people being stigmatized and to perpetuation of assumptions that are unsubstantiated. The second challenge is about individualization of stigma and the fact that in research it tends to be considered as an attribute or a mark of the individual rather than a designation or tag that others affix to a person. Thus, Link and Phelan propose a definition of stigma based on a convergence a few components: Distinguishing and labelling human differences – oversimplification of salient differences between human beings occurs, with further labelling of individuals. Associating human differences to negative attributes – Labels previously mentioned are associated to negative sterotypes, as previously described by Goffmann. Categories and stereotypes are often â€Å"automatic† and facilitate â€Å"cognitive efficiency†. Separating â€Å"us from them† – Social labels connote a separation between the group that stigmatizes (â€Å"us†) and the group that is being stigmatized (â€Å"them†). For example, some people talk about people who have schizophrenia as being â€Å"schizophrenics†. Status loss and discrimination – stigma leads to loss of status in social hierarchy, and to discrimination, both at individual and at structural levels. Link and Phelan also emphasize that stigma is a matter of power – certain groups in the society have the power to stigmatize. Stigma is also a matter of degree – there is a continuum between its existence and its absence. Corrigan16, has an opposing view, focused on cognitive and behaviour features of mental illness. He proposed a model in which stigma was categorized either as public or self stigma. Public stigma is defined as the reaction that the general population has to people with mental illness. Self stigma is the prejudice which people with mental illness turn against themselves. In each of the categories, stigma is broken down into three elements: stereotypes (cognitive knowledge structures) prejudice (cognitive and emotional consequence of stereotypes) and discrimination (behavioural consequence of prejudice)17 . Thornicroft et al.18, elaborate on this framework, stating that stigma is composed of problems at three levels: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour. Mental health knowledge is also known in the literature as mental health literacy. A study by Jorm et al. in Australia has shown better knowledge was correlated with better recognition of the features of depression, and better compliance with help seeking or medication and/or psychotherapy compliance.19 Nevertheless, by citing contradicting evidence, Thornicroft18 states that â€Å"an increase in knowledge about mental illness does not necessarily improve either attitudes or behaviour towards people with mental illness.† Negative attitudes, also known as prejudice, is the most studied component. According to Thornicroft, it can predict more strongly actual discrimination than do stereotypes. Attitudes have been widely researched. There are studies regarding both public, healthcare practitioners (and medical students) and caregivers. Thornicroft emphasizes the importance of studying actual behaviour, stressing that most of the studies have focused on attitudes towards hypothetical situations, rather than actual stigmatizing and discriminative behaviour. Thornicroft proposes a shift from research focused on stigma to research focused on discrimination.18 1.1.5 Correlates and consequences of stigma Stigma can have profound impact both at individuals with mental illness and their relatives. Rà ¼sch et al.17 list four negative consequences of public stigma: Everyday life discriminations encountered in interpersonal relations and depictions in media Structural discrimination – inequity in the access to opportunities in private and public institutions. Self-stigma (versus empowerment) Fear of stigma as a barrier to use health services. About self-stigma and empowerment, Rà ¼sch et al. comment, firstly, that self-stigma and empowerment are on the same continuum of self-esteem. They also remark that people may have different reactions to public stigma – while some people react with low self-esteem (self-stigmatized), some people might react with anger or indifference. They point out a possible explanation for this resides both within group identification with public stigma and perceived legitimacy of it. They also point the issue of self-disclosure – a person who considers mental illness is a part of his/her identity will more likely reveal his/her condition to others. Secondly, Rà ¼sch et al. comment on the relationship between stigma and service use. People decrease usage of psychiatric services in order to overcome public stigma. This is supported by evidence showing associations of this lack of usage with negative reactions from family members and poorer social status. Lack of usage of psychiatric services is intrinsically linked to decreased treatment compliance and, therefore, poorer prognosis.20,21 Personal stigma has shown to be associated with variables at different domains, in a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Livingston and Boyd. In the psychosocial domain, stigma has been negatively associated with hope, self-esteem, empowerment/mastery, self-efficacy, quality of life and social support/integration, both at group and individual levels.22–24 In the psychiatric domain, stigma has been positively associated with symptom severity and negatively with treatment adherence22. There are mixed results regarding association of stigma to diagnosis, illness duration, hospitalizations, insight, treatment setting, functioning and medication side effects, with most of the studies failing to show any statistically significant association. Regarding socio-demographic variables, both gender, age, education, employment, marital status, income and ethnicity have failed to show any consistent results.22 We should note, however, that some studies have shown significant associations, both positive and negative, regarding each of the variables, with stigma. 1.2 Stigma research Wahl et al., in 1999, mention four types of stigma research: Research that involves self-reports from general public. Research using vignettes or profiles of individuals and study participants’ ratings of people described. Analogue behaviour studies,(â€Å"experimental studies†) in which people are led to believe they are dealing with a person with mental illness. They note, however, there was, at the time, few research focused on mental health consumer, and his personal experiences of mental stigma.25 The paradigm changed and nowadays there is a relatively large number of instruments to measure personal experiences of mental stigma. 1.2.1 Instruments to measure stigma categories and criteria for psychometric properties In 2010, Brohan et al. 26, reviewed systematically 75 studies with instruments to measure personal experiences of mental stigma. Quality criteria for health status questionnaires have been thoroughly reviewed by Terwee et al,27 and are briefly described in Table 1. Table 1 Criteria for quality of psychometric instruments26,27 Brohan et al.26 considered instruments to measure personal experiences of stigma in three categories: Perceived stigma Self-Stigma Experienced stigma The found fourteen measures, used in the studies, which are listed in Table 2, and that were, thus, grouped in each of those categories. Instruments used were also assessed as to their psychometric properties, according to criteria by Terwee et al.27 Table 2 Scales assessing stigma experienced by people with experience of mental illness (Adapted from Brohan et al.26) 1.2.2 Perceived stigma Perceived or felt stigma, according to Scambler et al46 original definition, refers principally to the fear of enacted stigma, but also encompasses a feeling of shame associated with the illness. Van Brakel et al47, however, remove the feeling of shame from that definition, considering research about perceived stigma as research in which â€Å"people with a (potentially) stigmatized health condition are interviewed about stigma and discrimination they fear or perceive to be present in the community or society†. Perceived stigma can refer both to what an individual thinks most people would believe towards a certain group of the society or what that individual thinks about him personally as a member of a stigmatized group.48 Components of perceived stigma reported in the literature as measurable variables include stereotype awareness (perception by the individual of how individuals with mental illness are viewed by â€Å"most other people† in the society)16 and personal expectations or fears of encountering stigma. Perceived stigma is addressed in the vast majority (79%) of the studies reported by Brohan et al. Seven measures were used in the literature to measure it: PDD, SSMIS, ISE, HSS, SESQ, DSSS and DISC. PDD26,28 is the most commonly used scale. It totals 12 items its two subscales measure perceived discrimination and perceived devaluation – a way of measuring stereotype awareness. Perceived stigma is also measured in 10 item stereotype awareness subscale in SSMIS30. HSS investigates perceptions of how the person feels they have been personally viewed or treated by the society. In 2 of its items, DISC addresses the expectation of being stigmatized in various aspects of life – a concept called anticipated discrimination. Although in a specific setting and about a specific group, MSS44,45 â€Å"health professionals† subscale measures in our opinion perceived stigma regarding healthcare professionals, so it would fit in perceived stigma category. Regarding psychometric properties, all of the measures above mentioned reported on content validity. PDD, SESQ and DSS did not report whether target population was involved in selecting items in the scale. DSSS and SESQ reported results on internal consistency. However, PDD; SSMIS, ISE and HSS, although have calculations for Cronbach’s alpha, do not have factor analysis. SSMIS and SESQ have measured test retest reliability. MSS has been multiculturally tested, and its content validity was assessed. Cronbach alpha, internal consistency and test-retest reliability have been reported and meet criterion level. 1.2.3 Self-Stigma Self-stigma is considered, by Corrigan, the internalization of the public stigma. For Corrigan et al, there are three components in self stigma: negative belief about the self (e.g., character weakness, incompetence) – cognitive response, agreement with beliefs expressed by the public or the society and negative emotional reaction (e.g., low self-esteem, low self-efficacy) – affective response and behaviour response to prejudice (e.g., failing to pursue work and housing opportunities)16,49 Self-stigma is assessed by ISMI, SSMIS, DSSS, SS and ISE. Alienation, stereotype endorsement and social withdrawal subscales in ISMI, measure self-stigma, which correspond to its affective, cognitive and behavioural dimensions50. SSMIS measures self-stigma through three sub-scales: stereotype agreement; stereotype self-concurrence and self-esteem decrement26,30. SS has a â€Å"disclosure† subscale, which focus on the three dimensions already mentioned26,35. ISE contains one item on social withdrwal36. DSSS addresses self-stigma through two subscales – general self-stigma and secrecy: general self-stigma measures personal stereotype awareness. Secrecy subscale can be comparable to social withdrawal subscale in ISMI and disclosure scale in SS33. MSS44,45 has a 4 item subscale on self-stigma. According to Brohan, all the measures reported on content validity. DSSS did not report on target population involvement in item selection. SSMIS and ISE reported on partial criteria for internal consistency, reporting Cronbach’s alpha calculation but not factor analysis. ISMI; DSSS and SS have full internal consistency analysis. ISMI, SSMIS and SS have been reported to have measured test-retest reliability. 1.2.4 Experienced stigma According to Brohan and van Brakel, experienced stigma is the â€Å"experience of actual discrimination and/or participation restrictions on the part of the person affected†26,47. For the purpose of this definition, measuring experienced stigma can refer to measuring experiencing stigma in general or a report of experiences of stigma in specific situations or areas of life.26 By measuring experienced stigma, one can, thus, assess direct effects of public stigma on the stigmatized individual. Measures of experienced stigma include ISMI, CESQ, SRES, DSSS, SRE, SS, ISE, MIDUS, DISC and EDS. CESQ will b

Government and Politics - The Wisdom of Solomon Can Provide Mid-East peace :: Politics Political Essays

The story of King Solomon's wisdom is well known and presents a solution for the conflict over East Jerusalem, which contains the historic section of the city so highly prized for containing many famous religious sites: time-honored mosques, various Jewish, Christian and Islamic shrines, the Wailing Wall, the foundation to King Solomon's Temple, in short, the "Old City." East Jerusalem is currently the loggerhead in the Mid-East peace process. The Palestinians, with the support of the Arab states, say that come what may they must have control over East Jerusalem. A strong force in Israeli politics is of a similar opinion, saying that they will not compromise on this issue, that East Jerusalem must be under Israeli control. Unless a compromise is somehow reached, it appears that more people will die in the violence in this region, soldiers will die on both sides, more protesters will be killed, more people imprisoned, civilians including children, old men and women, even babies, will die as a direct result of the violence. In order to avoid any more violence perhaps we should turn to the story of wise old Solomon himself for the solution. It is said that once upon a time two women appeared before him, both claiming the right to a particular baby, each saying that she was the rightful mother of the child. Solomon proposed that the baby be divided in two, and half given to each woman. Hearing this, one of the women said, "No, don't do that, let the other woman have it." Solomon, in his wisdom, then gave the baby to this woman who obviously valued the life of the baby above her own interest in the matter. Seldom can an example like this be applied in its precise form, but it can be adapted to fit the dispute over East Jerusalem today. Obviously a present-day Solomon cannot threaten to destroy East Jerusalem and expect one of the sides to declare, "No! Let them have it." But something similar can be proposed, a solution that seems just as wise as Solomon's. Both sides can agree to a UN force moving in to raze all those ancient constructions, dynamite the traditional sites, leaving not one stone upon another. What would this solve? Well, most importantly, it would solve the conflict over East Jerusalem - no more violence, not one more death.

Steroids and Sports Essay -- Sports Argumentative Drugs Essays

Steroids and Sports Steroids, ever since their introduction into the sports world five decades ago, they have been a controversial issue (WebMD medical news). Anabolic performance dates as far back as the original Olympic Games. Today walking into any gym you will find some one who is using steroids or some kind of enhancement supplement. Anabolic steroids are so popular with athletes from high School level all the way up to the top. For the past fifty years, athletes around the world use steroids to gain muscle mass, and along with regular work-outs try to achieve the results they desire. Kids today using these drugs are getting younger and younger every day. But is it worth the cost? I believe the ban on steroids should be strictly enforced because besides the health risks it provides, it also compromises the integrity of the game in sports. The history of anabolic steroids can be traced back to the 1930's when a team of scientists first produced synthetic testosterone. The purpose of this synthetic steroid was to improve malnutrition and muscle loss in patients. In to the sports arena they were first introduced by the German athletes in preparation for the 1936 Olympic Games (Measles 2). The Russian Weight-lifting team won several metals in 1952 Olympic Games due to the use of "synthetic testosterone (Measles 54). After this American sport's physicians determined the US athletes should have the same completive advantage, and so the Americans started to use steroids. By the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, the debate was not over the ethical or moral use of the drugs, but whether which drug was more effective. By 1969 all was in the open; the talk among users was all praise of the effect steroids had on performance (M... ...ung athletes should be encouraged to rely on their natural talents and strengths for the sake of fair play and medical safety. Anabolic steroids improve strength but that doesn't necessarily make you a better player. Work Cited Anabolic steroids in Sport and Exercise. Second edition. Charles E. Yesalis, MPH, ScD the Pennsylvania State University Editor. Explains the history of Steroids and also talks about how it is used in today's sports, and how steroids can be prevented. www.9NEWS.com/acm_news.aspx?OSGNAME=KUSA&IKOBJECTID=b401471f-0abe-42 In this article they talk about the growing use of steroid in sports. INFOFACTS; Steroids : www.drugabuse.gov In this website they talk about the health hazards of using Anabolic steroids. AMETRICAN COLLEGE of SPORTS MEDICINE Steroid survey reveals dangerous trends among users: June 1, 2005. www.acsm.org

Economic And Monetary Union Of Europe :: essays research papers

Economic and Monetary Union of Europe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason for creating a European Market was the growing international competitiveness. In the mid of the eighties the European countries recognized that in the long run the national economies alone won't be able to compete against countries like the US, Japan and the new industrial centers in East Asia. The biggest advantage of the European integration is the unique chance of causing significant economic growth in the member countries by abolishing all kinds of barriers e.g. customs controls, trade restrictions, liberation of the movement of capital, tax harmonization, and by the opening of the financial market, a common trade policy, a common service market, common legal protection of companies and so on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two countries who support the European integration most (at least their governments) are Germany and France. One reason therefore might be that both countries have a dramatic increase in unemployment rate within the past few years. In Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg for example, the area where I am from, the unemployment rate has gone up from about 4% in 1992 to around 9% nowadays. Most likely Mr. Chirac's and Mr. Kohl's only solution concerning the unemployment is a fully integrated economy which for sure would create new jobs in Europe. The German population, however, is scared that a United Europe would create new jobs only in low wage countries like e.g. Portugal. Many think that a European market with no barriers would would even cause â€Å"job hollowing out† of Germany. Moreover the German population likes the strength of the D-Mark and is worried that a single European currency would be weaker. As a result of this many Germans change their money into Swiss Francs. So far Switzerland has done quite well by not taking place in all events available. One reason why they are better off is that they didn't take place neither in World War I nor in World war II and therefore didn't have to rebuild everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people expect that in a Unified Europe the standard of living in the richer countries will decrease while the people in poorer countries will fare better. One professor of mine once said: â€Å"Somebody must pay for the European Integration. Most likely this will be the richer countries like us. It was the same with the German Unification†. This shows that even some very educated people in Germany are skeptical concerning the new Europe. The light poll at the last election of the European parliament seems to be showing that the German population is not that much interested in Europe. The average worker/person if living in Germany or any other European country is not

Military customs

Military courtesy Is simply the display of good manners and politeness In dealing with other people. Military courtesy conveys respect from both subordinate and senior to each other. Men of arms have used some form of the military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. It has been preserved and its use continued in all modern armies which Inherit their military traditions from the age of chivalry.The method of rendering the salute has varied through the ages, as It still varies In form between he armless of the world today. In the age of chivalry the knights were all mounted and wore steel armor which covered the body completely, including the head and face. When two friendly knights met, it was the custom for each to raise the visor and expose his face to view of the other. This was always done with the right hand, the left being used to hold the reins.It was significant gesture of friendship and confidence, since It exposed the features and also removed the rig ht hand – the sword hand – from the bluntly of the weapon. Also, In ancient times the freemen (soldiers) of Europe were allowed to carry arms; hen two freemen met, each would raise his right hand to show that he held no weapons and that the meeting was a friendly one. Slaves were not allowed to carry arms, and they passed freemen without the exchange of a greeting. In the Middle Ages, gentlemen often went about clothed in heavy capes under which swords were carried.Upon meeting a friend, the cloak was thrown back by raising the right arm, thus disclosing that the right hand was not on the sword hilt. The Cleveland counterpart of the salutes manifested In various ways such as raising the hand when greeting a reined, tipping the hat when meeting a lady, and using a sign of recognition between lodge members. This sign is always exchanged as a greeting between friends and is given willingly. The military salute is given in the same manner – that of pride in giving r ecognition to a comrade In the honorable profession of arms.The knightly gesture, of raising the hand to the visor came to be recognized as the proper greeting between soldiers, and was continued even after modern firearms had made steel body armor a thing of the past. The military salute is today, as it seems always to have been. Unique form of greeting between military professionals. RENDERING THE HAND SALUTE When on campus and in uniform, cadets will salute all cadet officers and cadre officers of all services. It Is appropriate to accompany the salute with a word of greeting, for example, â€Å"Good morning, sir. Below are examples of situations where you would salute: When walking outdoors in uniform and you approach a cadet officer or cadre officer. When outdoors in uniform and when the American Flag is being raised or lowered. When in uniform, a cadet reporting to an officer in his office, will make his presence t the door known, enter when permission Is given, come to atten tion, salute and 18 Example: â€Å"Sir, Cadet Jones reports. † He/she will remain at the position of attention until given â€Å"At ease. † Upon completion of his business, the cadet will come to attention, salute, do an about face and leave.When an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) approaches a uniformed group outside, the first cadet to recognize the officer will call â€Å"Attention† and all cadets will salute and remain at attention until given â€Å"At ease†, â€Å"Rest†, â€Å"Carry on†, another command, or until the officer passes. If cadets are performing a work detail, only the person in charge will come to attention and salute. The detail will continue to work. When in formation and an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) approaches, the person in charge calls the formation to attention and salute.Salutes are not rendered in the following areas or cases: Indoors, salutes are not exchanged except when reporting to a senior officer. When actively engaged in sports or in the middle of training. When operating a vehicle. USE OF â€Å"SIR† and â€Å"SERGEANT† All cadre and cadet officers are addressed as â€Å"SIR†VAMPS†. As a general rule, â€Å"Sir†Vamps† is used in speaking either officially or socially to any senior. The word is repeated with each complete statement. Mimes† and â€Å"No† should always be accompanied with â€Å"Sir†Vamps†. All NCO will be addressed as â€Å"Sergeant† with the exception of the First Sergeant and Sergeant Major.They will be addressed by their title. Another ancient military custom dictates that you should always walk or sit to the left of your seniors. For centuries men fought with swords, and because most men are right handed, the heaviest fighting occurred on the right. The shield was on the left arm, and the left side became defensive. Men and units who preferred to carry the battle t o the enemy, and who were proud of their fighting ability, considered the right of a battle line to a post of honor.Therefore, when an officer walks or sits on your right, he is symbolically filling the post of honor. ATTENTION When an officer enters a room occupied by enlisted personnel or cadets, the room is called to attention. It is not proper, however, for officers to follow this custom at the approach of a senior officer. The question then is how to get officers to attention thou the command. Generally, this is accomplished by the individual officers assuming the position of attention when appropriate or one officer announcing the presence of the senior and the other officers then assuming the position of attention.For example, if the classroom were filled only with cadet officers and the MS entered the room, one of the cadet 19 officers would announce, â€Å"Gentlemen, the Professor of Military Science. † likewise, instructed otherwise by the officer. PARADE REST Like â€Å"Attention†, Parade Rest is a form of respect given to NCO by those Junior in rank. When a Senior NCO enters an area of Junior enlisted soldiers or cadets, the room is called to â€Å"at ease†. All personnel should immediately go to the position of â€Å"stand at-ease† until told to â€Å"carry-on†.

European imperialism Essay

Mortimer Chambers et al narrow imperialism as a atomic number 63an narrates intervention in and inveterate domi nation all over a non-European filth. During the stupefy for Africa in the ripe nineteenth century, the close powerful European nations desired to conquer, surmount and exploit African colonies with the hope of grammatical construction an empire. concord to Derrick potato, in 1875 however 10 percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later unaccompanied ten percent remained unoccupied. There were several(prenominal) f morselors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for pro soundable enthronement and cover. Raw materials, which Africa possessed in abundance, were overly desired. A cheap source of childbed was required as it would result in higher profits. In addition, in that location was internationalist rivalry among European nations. Domestic policy-making interests and social Darwinism may als o be blamed for attracting European imperialism to Africa.European imperialists were lured to Africa by the potential economic benefits she possessed. Industrialization caused a mass productivity and there became an conventionalised need for foreign markets to invest in. tally to Brian Levack et al, with the onset of economic decline in 1873 industrialists were faced with a declining ingest for their products in Europe. Imperial expansion, it was thought, would submit a rootage with annexed territories seen as captive markets. It was sweard that the unfavorable b lean of trade that Britain and other industrial countries were experiencing could be counterbalanced by the income from overseas investments.Also, tautologic large(p) could be profitably invested in Africa where cheap labour and limited arguing would result in higher profits. undischarged European imperialists decided to use the domain resources of their country to examine lucrative operator of using their cap ital. The English radical economic expert J.A. Hobson, argues that the intention was to level out inequalities of wealth to increase domestic consumption. Local merchants, traders and bankers were pollyannaish towards the idea of imperial expansion and capital investments outback(a) of Europe became an increasingly vital sector of its economy.There was an increasing demand for tippy(prenominal) materials in Europe in the late nineteenth century. According to Brian Levack, the brisk technologies characteristic of the industrial revolution meant that industrial Europebecame increasingly dependent on unprocessed materials. European nations felt the stir to control lands that possessed large(p) quantities of raw materials. Africa was rich with raw materials as vigorous as more treasure reserves. As a result, many major industrial companies attempted to gain a monopoly of raw materials in Africa. Stuart milling machine believes that specific trade links were chief(prenominal) to particular industries. any(prenominal) raw materials in Africa were of great sizeableness the vegetable oil of the Niger was vital for lubricating industrial machinery and the rubber of the Congo was not only es displaceial for the tires on the new automobiles hardly also for insulating the electrical and telegraph wires straight off encircling the globe. The plentiful elephant herds could be slaughtered to provide the ivory for many of the new consumer goods such as piano keys, billiard balls and glossa handles. In Togoland, Germans were able to cultivate plantations where they grew drinking chocolate and rubber. Other raw materials included peanuts, cotton plant and tea. There were also many important minerals and South Africa possessed gold and diamonds. multinational rivalry among European nations contributed greatly to imperialist ventures in Africa. Britains rivalry with France and Germany accounted for a large part of the colonization. The British brass wished to maintain its dominance in the compound regions. Other European powers desired to widen their colonial spheres as well and Britain responded by seizing colonies. Certain territories were important for their location. The Suez transmission channel was key waterway surrounded by eastern hemisphere and West Africa. The immense interior between the gold and diamond rich Confederate Africa and Egypt had a strategic value as domination of this region was important to solid the flow of overseas trade. The British cherished to link their possessions in Southern Africa with their territories in East Africa, and these cardinal areas with the Nile basin. Obtaining the Sudan was vital to the fulfilment of these ambitions especially since Egypt was already under British control.This red-line through Africa was made famous by Cecil Rhodes and Lord Milner who advocated for a Cape to capital of Egypt empire linking by rail the Suez duct to the Southern part which possessed many minerals. Ac cording to Brian Levack, there was also a certain level of nationalist competition. The nuclear fusion reaction of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe. In this climate of tension, governments looked towards enforcing national strength. Thesaucily formed nations of Italy and Germany now sought empires outside Europe as a subject matter of gaining power and prestige within Europe. In the nineteenth century, a German historiographer Henrich con Treitschke stated All great nations in the fullness of their strength stir desired to set their mark on barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will cook up a pitiable role in time to come.Under the leadershiphip of von capital of North Dakota, Germany briefly embarked on a quest of expansionism. Bismarcks distrust of England under portmanteau was one of the reasons he decided to do this. Germany became engaged in an arms race with Great Britain and it desired as many military and naval bases as i t could obtain. France requisite to restore its damaged national superbia after its defeat by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war and therefore embarked upon expansionism. Their aim was to throw an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile, and then controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara.Domestic semipolitical interests also contributed to European Imperialism in Africa. As stated by Brain Levack, in the age of mass politics, political leaders needed to find make outs that would both appeal to new voters and strengthen the status quo. Imperialism lead the ordinary European people to believe that they were part of a superior, conquering people. Bismarck used imperial issues to help him find political allies in Germany and once remarked all this colonial business is a sham but we need it for the elections. According to Lawrence mob, in the 1890s witnessed a speedy expansi on of newspaper readership with the appearance of a new type of daily knowing to attract the working and lower shopping centre class.Social Darwinism and missionary intentions are two excuses that are used to justify European imperialism in Africa. Rudyard Kipling characterized the Africans as sullen, new caught peoples, one-half devil and half child. The Europeans believed it to be their transaction to civilize the wild savage Africans. Liberalism, which may be defined as a dedication to self-improvement and the belief that there were discoverable rules of general conduct that everyone could follow, contributed to the paternal manner in which Europe acted and arguments of racial and cultural superiority that pushed Europeans intoAfrica to civilize the topical anaesthetic populations. Lawrence James states that nations who had now reached the highest stage of refinement were taking control over those which had lagged behind, or races, like the Asante, who were not seen as fit to control their own affairs. In an issue of the Dublin Review in the late nineteenth century it was stated that The future day of Africa under any form of European tutelage must be bring out than the dark and evil nightmare of the medieval.These Social Darwinists were able to persuade the natives that what was world done was to their ultimate benefit. According to Derrick Murphy et al, there existed the idea that imperialism was a lesson duty as a office of spreading Hesperian civilization and Christian values. Many Europeans bought this excuse while others did not. Africans were squeeze to adopt the Christian religion. In nigh cases they were killed for continuing to practice their own faiths. whatever(prenominal) historians believe that the whole motive for Christian evangelism in Africa was simply to disrupt and supplant and that it was always politically motivated. First, missionaries were brought to the continent. Secondly, after some natives were converted and the re was a goodish amount of confusion among them, the troops were sent to exploit them.Their main intention was to catchment basin to control. According to an African chieftain The purity man is very clever. He came gently and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his lunacy and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers and our set can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.Various factors attracted European imperialism to Africa in the later nineteenth century. Europe was changing and their colonial empires were associated with the ideas of national importance and the survival of the fittest. This caused a massive poking for empires. There was a yearning for raw materials, national power and prestige. Each nation which possessed a colonial territory also possessed a hotshot of superiority.Bibliography1.) Chambers Mortimer, Hanawalt Barbara, Rabb Theodore, Woloch Isser, Grew Raymond, The Western Experience, 1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., coupled States of America2.) James Lawrence, The White Mans shoot? Imperial Wars in the 1890s Spielvogel Jackson, Western Civilization, Mc Graw Hill, Connecticut, 1999(pgs 100-105)3.) Levack Brian, Muir Edward, MaasMichael, Veldman Meredith, The West, Encounters and Transformations, 2004, Pearson Education Inc., United States of America4.) Miller Stuart, Mastering Modern European History, 1997, Palgrave, United Kingdom, Hampshire5.) Murphy Derrick, Morris Terry, Europe 1870-1991, 2000, Harper collins Publishers LTD, United Kingdom, England6.) The Church as a Tool of Imperialism